This sounds to me like a form of literate programming, a style created by Donald Knuth. The only form I am aware of that achieved some popularity is Jupyter notebooks, but I don’t know whether Jupyter lives up to Knuth’s ideas.
pull that together to generate a program in whatever programming language.
In literate programming this would be called “tangling”. Taking the document you wrote and extracting a code file (or many) in a particular language (or languages).
The Emacs editor has this in org-mode with org-babel. It supports putting multiple programming languages in the same document, and interacting between them. A block of Python code can take its input from a block of shell code. I am not sure if it is unique in supporting multiple languages compared to other literate programming tools. If you follow your idea further, perhaps this could be a source of inspiration.
It doesn’t matter what the source language is. Pseudocode, models, etc. They are just other languages. So transpile from anything to some language
However your idea is definitely unique, as literate programming is focused on prose and not models, as far as I am aware. Org Babel sort of has this as it has its own data structures. It can represent lists, tables, etc. and knows how to get them from and feed them to a variety of programming languages. Org Babel becomes a glue that holds many languages together, so that you can express each idea in the language best suited to it, and present your ideas in an order best suited to being understood by the reader.
TiddlyWiki or a similar tool could take this further due to being a generic database.
In TiddlyWiki I find myself wishing for Emacs, and in Emacs I find myself wishing for TiddlyWiki. And I struggle to find time for learning more about related areas like TiddlyWikiPharo (and the tools it is built on like Pharo and Glamorous Toolkit), Lisp Machines, the Acme text editor (Video: A Tour of the Acme Editor), Plan9, Oberon.
I hope you or others find some of these links and ideas interesting and inspiring.